3.1 Pronunciation

There are 17 consonants in the Greek alphabet. The consonants and their pronunciations are listed in the table below. The “Name” column is a English transliteration of the “Greek” name:

Proper pronunciation of each name provides the proper pronunciation of the consonant. The B in Beta is the sound made by the Greek consonant β. The Ch in Chi is the sound made by the Greek consonant χ.

Greek has two symbols for sigma. If the sigma is at the end of a word the symbol ς is used, otherwise, the symbol σ is used.

Gamma (γ) is pronounced like the n in new when it is immediately followed by γ, κ, χ, or ξ (γγ, γκ, γχ, γξ). For example the γγ in αγγελος is pronounced like the ng in angle. This is called a Gamma Nasal.

3.2 Pronunciation Classes

The 17 consonants are grouped into three pronunciation classes: Liquids, Sibilants, Stops.

3.2.1 Liquids

The consonants λ, μ, ν, and ρ are called liquids because they are pronounced with a flow of breath. Some grammars group μ, and ν as Nasals due to the flow of air through the nose in their pronunciation.

3.2.2 Sibilants

The consonants ζ, ξ, and ψ are called sibilants because they are pronounced with double letters that include an “s” sound: ζ (ds), ξ (ks), and ψ (ps).

3.2.3 Stops

The consonants β, γ, δ, θ, κ, π, τ, φ, and χ are called stops because they are pronounced by momentarily closing portions of the oral passage, then suddenly releasing the sound. Stops are separated into three groups:

1. Labial consonants π, β, and φ are pronounced using the lips.
2. Velar consonants κ, γ, and χ are formed by pushing up the middle of the tongue against the roof or palate of the mouth. Some grammar call them Palatals, others classify them as Gutturals because they also use the back of throat.
3. Dental consonants τ, δ, and θ are formed by pressing the tongue against the back of the teeth.

When a Stop is followed by a σ it results in the following changes:

The table below is called the Square of Stops. It displays every Stop and the change that occurs when a σ comes into contact with it. The No Voice column indicates the voice box is not used in the pronunciation of the Stop; Voice uses the voice box; and Air uses air flow (aspirate).